Module 1 · Fundamentals
Shift-left
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Catch it while it's still cheap.

Shift-left means moving security checks earlier on the plan → code → build → test → deploy → operate timeline — because the cost of a bug grows roughly 10x at every stage it survives.

A check attaches at every stage

1
Plan
Threat modeling
2
Code
SAST + secrets scan
3
Build
SCA / dependencies
4
Test
DAST + image scan
5
Deploy
Policy gate
6
Operate
Runtime monitoring

The cost of a bug, by stage found

Design
~$1
Code review
~$10
Testing
~$100
Production
~$1,000+

The cost isn't linear — it compounds, because later stages add real, irreversible consequences (incident response, breach disclosure, regulatory fines) on top of the original fix.